The History of Afghanistan

Afghanistan, officially known as the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located in Central Asia. It is bordered by Pakistan to the east and south, Iran to the west, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan to the north. With a population of approximately 38 million people, it is the 39th most populous country in the world.

The history of Afghanistan can be traced back to ancient times, with evidence of human habitation dating back at least 50,000 years. Throughout its history, Afghanistan has been a crossroads for various civilizations and empires, including the Aryans, Persians, Greeks, Mauryans, Kushans, Hephthalites, Arabs, Turks, Mongols, and British.

Early History

The earliest known inhabitants of Afghanistan were the Aryans, who migrated from Central Asia around 2000 BC. They settled in the region and established small kingdoms. The area was later conquered by the Persian Empire in the 6th century BC, and remained under Persian rule until it was conquered by Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC.

The Mauryan Empire, under the rule of Emperor Ashoka, also controlled parts of Afghanistan in the 3rd century BC. Buddhism flourished during this time and many Buddhist monuments were built, including the famous Bamiyan Buddhas.

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Islamic Conquest

In the 7th century AD, Arab Muslims from the Rashidun Caliphate began to conquer parts of Afghanistan. The region eventually became part of the Islamic Empire and Islam became the dominant religion.

The Ghaznavid Dynasty, which was established in the 10th century AD, played a significant role in spreading Islam throughout Central Asia. They built numerous mosques and universities, making Afghanistan an important center for Islamic learning.

Implementation strategy of the Sustainability Center

It would be through this mechanism of The Sustainability Center that we would be looking at the total wellbeing of the individual, namely the person and his/her environment. Similarly to the concept of sustainable development, sustainable wellbeing could only be achieved if the total wellbeing of the individual is taken into account. The difference between sustainable wellbeing and conventional concept of wellbeing is that the latter treats individual as an entity separate from its environment while sustainable wellbeing would be treating the individual with his/her habitat in mind. In fact, the treatment of individual in its totality would be the most fruitful approach considering the contamination of the environment in Afghanistan.

This center would consist of an environmental-health research center, a medical center that would rely heavily on alternative medicine as well as conventional medicine, and a teaching facility—a precursor to what it would become a university.

These facilities would deal with the uranium contamination of the Afghan environment, the people and project the future survival and sustainability of the population.

The research center would have monitoring stations throughout Afghanistan that would be linked to this center where data would be collected to build a dynamic database. Moreover, research would be conducted how to devise ways to decontaminate the environment and the people inhabiting it. The medical facility would treat people contaminated with uranium dust and work toward healing their ailments using both alternative and conventional medicine. 

 The Environmental & Health Research Center

The research and development center is going to be one of the important components of the Sustainability Center. The research center would allow for researchers to see beyond conventional knowledge.

The function of the monitoring stations would be to collected local data and send it to the research center. The research center would analyze data over an extended period and establish a dynamic database and use that database to forecast the long-term survival of the people. The center would also do sampling, testing and analyzing. Moreover, the research center would also conduct research on potential methods for decontaminating the soil, animals and humans.

In addition, the center would be conducting health research. It would be studying the variety of ailments that emerged after the US bombing and devise ways to deal with these illnesses. This would include prenatal care, mothers, young and adult alike. The dominant paradigm that would sustain the vision of this center would be to concentrate on alternatives than conventional approaches. We now work on Hair Loss Blog in addition to our site here.

Rational

With the above background in mind, the magnitude of the disaster necessitates the solutions or efforts at finding what amount to solutions. Since the uranium contamination has subjected the entire country of Afghanistan and its population to an inescapable death sentence, solutions need to be explored and developed to deal with this menace.

At the least, there has be exploration to pave the way for ameliorative mechanisms that would make life livable and wellbeing sustainable. To achieve such a colossal task, there has to be a comprehensive approach entailing goals of the amelioration mechanisms with achievable objectives.

Moreover, the approach to such task requires a new mind set or preferably a type of paradigm. Perhaps the most suitable name to illustrate this mindset would be The New Paradigm of Sustainable wellbeing. The New Paradigm of Sustainable Wellbeing would prove fruitful both in short-term healthcare and long-term diagnosis, treatment, and research findings of uranium effects on population. The operational manifestation of this concept would be through the infrastructure of that would be called The Sustainability Center.

Long Term Goal

The Sustainability Center would become the premier center worldwide dealing with uranium contamination of the environment and its effects on inhabitants.

Mid-Level Goals

  1. The construction of physical infrastructure
  2. The development of human resource—experts, specialists etc

Objectives:

  1. The development of a complex housing the three components of the Sustainability Center
  2. Equipping the facilities with the needed machinery and resources
  3. Developing monitoring stations throughout Afghanistan incrementally
  4. Human resource training and development and recruitment of volunteers to contribute to the complex
  5. Planning, formulating and implementing the agenda of the Sustainability Center

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The Background

After the US bombing of Afghanistan, unexplained ailments and conditions emerged. Leukemia and other forms of cancer also increased. The situation worsened when bizarre deformities emerged among the newly born children. The intensity of the various conditions became evident with time. The areas most bombed had the largest cases of unexplained ailments, leukemia among adults and children and infant deformities.

The use of uranium munitions was conformed through the investigative work of the Uranium Medical Research Center, which made two consecutive trips to Afghanistan in 2002. It collected data and found that the magnitude of uranium to be tremendously high ranging 400 to 2000 percent.

The perpetuation of the perpetual death in Afghanistan continues with the passage of each day. Every day, people see the silent death striking their families and friends,

hopeless and terrified at the sight of the next funeral in their minds’ eyes. This

indiscriminate murder of the Afghan people continues while those, whose tax money paid for the monstrous weapons and brought about this genocide pretend as though all is well.

The horrific pictures of those dying remain in the memories of those still alive while

fearfully waiting for their turn of disaster. The pregnant women are afraid from giving

birth to babies–horrified to see a deformity instead of a healthy child. This is the legacy of the US “liberation”, an indiscriminate murder of the weak and the unarmed that do not have any means of self-defense. In fact, there is no defensive measure against such Weapons of Mass Destruction because these deadly particles of uranium oxide–the dust formed after uranium pulverizes upon impacting a target–remain in soil, water and cover the surface of vegetation for generations to come.

When a US bomb or that of her allies landed on an Afghan village or town, the land and its people have become part of the deadly legacy of silent death. This death sentence is different from any other type since it condemned the people, their land, and future generations to an inescapable genocide. The tragedy that makes this state of affairs so dreadful is the unavoidably invisible threat that targets everyone indiscriminately.

Moreover, the threat has become endemic to the fiber of existence, contaminated the land, water and its inhabitants. In fact, when Bush jr. said, “we will smoke them out.” he lived up to his promise, making life an unattainable reality for the unborn and

unsustainable reality for the living, hence, sentencing Afghan people and their future

generations to a predetermined death sentence.

The true extent of this disaster is unfolding as time goes by. In light of the continuous

revelations about the quantity and types of weapons used in Afghanistan, the worse has not yet fully materialized. Everyday, US AC 130 gunships, A-10s and B 52s bomb Afghan villages and towns whenever a unit of US troops encounter resistance.

Consequently, not only, the perpetual death continues but rather, every round of depleted uranium is one additional nail in the collective coffin of the Afghan people.

The usage of great number of munitions and armaments dropped by US jets resulted in upsurge of various health problems weeks into 2002. This pattern is different from that experienced by the Iraqi after the first Gulf War where it took years for many of the birth defects, deformities and other health conditions to surface. This points to the enormity of uranium weapons used in Afghanistan, a fact, illustrated by many investigators world wide, notably Dai Williams in England, and Dr. Durakovic from the Uranium Medical Research Center in Canada, and Dr. Marc Herald in the United States among others.

Furthermore, various international newspapers and media outlets notably Le Monde

Diplomatique, Guardian, Frontier Post, BBC, CBC, Al Jazeera among others have

reported the types of weapon systems used against Afghan targets–villages, towns—and mountain cave complexes.

According to the BBC (April 10, 2002), more than 6600 Jdam bombs were dropped on Afghanistan.

On October 2002, Boston Globe also reported:

“In contrast with older weapons, the new generation finds its way with advances

such as target-elevation data and satellite signals. The JDAM already has proven

itself in Afghanistan. By February [2002], commanders had dropped 6,600

JDAMs, consultants estimate – so many that stockpiles ran low and officials had

to scramble up more production from a Missouri factory.”

By October 2002, the first anniversary of US invasion of Afghanistan, more than 10000 tons of bombs dropped on Afghan soil. (Socialist Worker Online, October 11, 2002)

Imagine the magnitude of carnage and contamination caused by such barbarism. While another report by Kate Randall on December 2001, put the number of US bombed dropped at 12000:

“Since the US launched the war on Afghanistan October 7, more than 12,000 US

bombs have been dropped on the country. According to the Pentagon, about 60

percent of these bombs have been precision-guided by satellite or laser

technology. However, many of these bombs.dropped by B-52s and other aircraft

from tens of thousands of feet in the air.have strayed off course, hitting civilian

targets.” (WSWS, December 29, 2001)

In another report, a year after September 11, 2001, Matt Kelley of the Associated Press put the US munitions statistics as follows:

“U.S. and coalition airplanes have conducted more than 21,000 flights over

Afghanistan, dropping more than 20,000 munitions. About 60 percent of the

ordnance dropped on Afghanistan has been precision guided, the highest

percentage in any conflict.”

Similarly the Guardian reported on April 10, 2002:

“More than 22,000 weapons – ranging from cruise missiles to heavy fuel-air

bombs – have been dropped on the country over the past six months.. US pilots dropped more than 6,600 joint direct attack munitions (J-dams), the satellite guided bombs. One in four bombs and missiles dropped by the US on Afghanistan may have missed its target”

The new generations of hard target weapons whose warheads are made of this dense metal have contributed to the heavy contamination of land, water and general population.

Since 1997, the US has been modifying and upgrading its munitions enhancing their

penetrability by using dense metal as the following quote further confirms:

“Since 1997 the United States has been modifying and upgrading its missiles and guided (smart) bombs. Prototypes of these bombs were tested in the Kosovo mountains in 1999, but a far greater range has been tested in Afghanistan. The upgrade involves replacing a conventional warhead by a heavy, dense metal one. Calculating the volume and the weight of this mystery metal leads to two possible conclusions: it is either tungsten or depleted uranium.” Le Monde diplomatique March 2002

“The DU explosive charges in the guided bomb systems used in Afghanistan can weigh as much as one and a half metric tons (as in Raytheon’s Bunker Buster – GBU-28)” Le Monde March 2002

The usage of new generation weapons was also confirmed by the Uranium Medical

Research Center (UMRC):

“Independent research and publicly available documentation of NATO and US weapons. development programs hinted at or noted directly that non-fissionable (non-thermal nuclear) uranium weapons (including DU) development programs are still underway. Sources include: military research laboratories and subcontract research & development programs; the US Science Based Stockpile Stewardship Program; the Federation of American Scientists; veterans. reports; and, the annual reports and advertising of independent weapons contractors. US military health warnings to OEF [Operation Enduring Freedom] personnel indicate the presence of radiological contaminants; recommending troops take protection measures. OEF.s forward targeting personnel, Special Forces and postbombing,

site inspection teams have been given radiation protection instructions,

radiation detectors and protective equipment prior to and since entering

Afghanistan.”

It continues:

“The U.S. DBHT (Deeply Buried Hard Target) Project, aimed at developing

weapons to destroy biological, nuclear and chemical weapons storage and

manufacturing facilities in rogue states; and, the US Strategic Military Plan and US Nuclear Posture Review expresses intentions to use new classes of weapons in Afghanistan and other states. This program was known to be accelerating its weapons development and experiments in readiness for a possible Iraqi incursion.The White House and US-DOD spoke frequently about the development and use of fission, low-yield and non-fission, seismic bunker- and cave-busters. These weapons, by design, require heavy ballast and narrow diameter casings that can drive deeply into the earth or through super-reinforced military targets, tough enough to withstand high velocity impacts before they reach detonation depth.”

UMRC articulates the difference of these weapons with those of the first Gulf War:

“These new generations of weapons and the targets for which they are designed dictate specific features and functions: They are designed as .self-forging. And capable of punching through multi-layered, extra-reinforced, hardened-targets. They must be able to defeat 14 to 20 feet of heavily reinforced concrete. Unlike the Gulf War DU armour [sic] defeat penetrators, these new warheads would be used in conjunction with high explosive charges and or high-pressure, shaped charges and delayed-action detonators.”

Dr. Michael H. Repacholi of the World Health Organization reported:

“DU [deleted uranium] is released from fired weapons in the form of small

particles that may be inhaled, ingested or remain in the environment.”

He added further:

“Children rather than adults may be considered to be more at risk of DU exposure when returning to normal activities within a war zone through contaminated food and water, since typical hand-to-mouth activity of inquisitive play could lead to high DU ingestion from contaminated soil.” (The Laissez Faire City Times, Vol 5, No 44, October 29, 2001}

At the defense department briefing, Dr. Ross Anthony, from the Rand Corporation had said the following about depleted uranium:

“The kidney is the part that is the most susceptible.” (The Laissez Faire City

Times, Vol 5, No 44, October 29, 2001}

Steve Fetter and Frank Von Hippel wrote in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (1999)

“Radiation doses for soldiers with embedded fragments of depleted uranium may be troublesome. The ground the DU-contaminated plumes passed over would be coated with a thin layer of DU dust, some of which would be later kicked up by wind and human activity. …The munitions could deposit a layer of [depleted uranium] dust on crops that could be eaten directly by humans or by animals later consumed by humans. However, rough estimates suggest that the cancer risk from consumption of contaminated produce would be less than from inhalation”